Una subestación eléctrica (SET) es una instalación destinada a establecer los niveles de tensión adecuados para producir, convertir, regular y distribuir la energía eléctrica.

Normalmente se ubican en la periferia de las zonas de consumo, en el interior o exterior de los edificios para ahorrar espacio, aunque también se encuentran cerca de las centrales generadoras, a las afueras de los núcleos urbanos con instalaciones al aire libre.

La principal diferencia que encontramos entre una estación transformadora y una subestación eléctrica es la magnitud de las instalaciones. Mientras que las estaciones transformadoras están vinculadas a sistemas de transmisión de alta-media tensión, las subestaciones eléctricas están diseñadas para soportar y transformar tensiones más bajas, en CELCO nos especializamos en la media y baja tensión

Las subestaciones eléctricas sirven para la producción, conversión, transformación, regulación y distribución de la energía. Gracias a esta infraestructura se distribuye la electricidad, llegando a diferentes zonas geográficas.

La electricidad que llega a nuestro hogar debe tener la potencia adecuada para que podamos hacer un uso seguro de los aparatos eléctricos. Esto es posible gracias a los diferentes tipos de subestaciones eléctricas, que nivelan la potencia y transforman y distribuyen la energía eléctrica.

Video Educativo de Endesa

Las subestaciones eléctricas que CELCO fabrica para la industria están compuestas de:

  • Transformador: Se trata de una máquina eléctrica estática que sirve para aumentar o disminuir la tensión en un circuito eléctrico de corriente alterna, manteniendo la frecuencia y la potencia. 
  • Interruptor de potencia: Interrumpe y restablece la continuidad de un circuito eléctrico. Dicha interrupción se efectúa con carga o corriente de corto circuito.
  • Restaurador: Es una pieza electromecánica que interrumpe la corriente cuando se produce un exceso de electricidad y actúa cuando se genera una falla en el circuito. Los restauradores están diseñados para funcionar con 3 operaciones de cierre y 4 aperturas con un intervalo entre una y otra. 
  • Cuchillas fusibles: Son elementos de conexión y desconexión de circuitos eléctricos con una doble función. Por un lado, como cuchilla desconectadora, se conecta y desconecta. Por otro lado, actúa como elemento de protección del fusible y se utiliza cuando se registra una sobre corriente. 
  • Cuchillas desconectadoras y cuchillas de prueba: Sirven para desconectar físicamente un circuito eléctrico, por lo que suelen operar sin carga. Estas cuchillas funcionan de manera mecánica y también manualmente. 
  • Apartarrayos: Se encargan de mantener alejados los rayos ionizados. Cuando hay una sobretensión de cierta magnitud, los apartarrayos forman un arco eléctrico que hace que la corriente se descargue sobre la tierra y no sobre las personas o los equipos e instalaciones.
  • Transformadores de instrumento: Son los aparatos encargados de medir la corriente eléctrica. Existen dos tipos: transformadores de corriente (TC), para cambiar el valor de la corriente, y transformadores de potencial (TP), para transformar los valores de voltaje sin tomar en cuenta la corriente. Ambos valores se utilizan en tiempo real en instrumentos de medición, control y protección que requieren las señales de corriente o voltaje. 
  • Cajas derivadoras: Son las terminales de conexión por fase que permiten hacer derivaciones y llegar hasta zonas específicas. 
  • Condensadores: Permiten conservar la energía eléctrica que se produce en un campo eléctrico. A través de dos conductores separados por material aislante se almacena energía de manera temporal. 

Según las necesidades de la industria; CELCO fabrica subestaciones de varias tipos. Lo que la hace una empresa competitiva a nivel nacional, regional e internacional.

Juan Guillermo Urrea Escobar – Gerente General de CELCO

Según la funcionalidad, existen diferentes tipos de subestación eléctrica:

Subestación de transformación

Tienen uno o varios transformadores que elevan o reducen la tensión. Y pueden ser:

Subestaciones transformadoras elevadoras: Se eleva la tensión generada a unos niveles mucho más altos para poder transportarla. Normalmente, esta instalación se sitúa al aire libre, muy cerca de las centrales generadoras de electricidad.

Subestaciones transformadoras reductoras: A diferencia de las elevadoras, estas subestaciones eléctricas disminuyen las tensiones altas a niveles medios para la distribución. 

Subestaciones de maniobra: son las encargadas de conectar dos o más circuitos y realizar sus maniobras. Por lo tanto, en este tipo de subestaciones no se transforma la tensión.

Subestaciones Eléctricas En Anillo / Radiales: Se utilizan para conectar con otras subestaciones, las subestaciones radiales son las que tienen un punto de alimentación y no estan interconectadas.

Subestaciones Eléctricas De Suicheo: Se utilizan para realizar apertura y cierra a circuitos eléctricos, en redes de distribución.

Subestaciones Eléctricas Reductoras: Son las que reciben la tension de la transmision, que a sido elevada por una subestacion elevadora (1.), y la reducen a un nivel mas bajo, esto permite entregar el servicio al sistema de distribución.

Subestaciones Electricas De Enlace: El mismo sistema de interconexion las hace necesarias para tener flexibilidad y confiabilidad en el servicio, permite ejecutar maniobras de conexión y de apertura de circuitos según las necesidades que requiera el servicio.

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